Lietuvos istorijos metraštis /The Yearbook of Lithuanian History

Lietuvos ir kaimyninių šalių istoriografijoje Stačiatikių bažnyčios struktūros paskiruose Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės regionuose kaip pagrindinis tyrimų objektas pasirenkamos labai retai. Šiame straipsnyje aptarsime vieno regiono – Smolensko žemės – bažnytinius pareigūnus (vyskupus, vienuolynų archimandritus ir igumenus, cerkvių dvasininkus – šventikus ir diakonus) 1395–1514 m., kai šis regionas priklausė Lietuvos Didžiajai Kunigaikštystei. Dėmesys bus telkiamas į tris aspektus: Stačiatikių bažnyčios pareigūnų atsiradimo Smolensko žemėje laiką,

Researchers have focused for decades on the epistolographic legacy of individuals from various social groups. Letters are a valuable ‘complement’ for other sources, serving as an ‘insight’, giving the narrative a multi-voice, and, depending on the author’s social position, can provide many valuable details unfelt in other types of sources. Correspondence of public officials usually receives most attention from the researchers, because it reveals the mechanisms of the functioning of power. However, letters of the social elite also reveal different aspects of everyday life, including administration of domains, which have gained importance. The basis for this article became the letters by the elder of Merkinė, Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha (1689–1739), to Wojciech Kurzewski, administrator of this domain, kept in the Manuscript section of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Due to his humble duties and difficult financial situation A. K. Sapieha cannot be considered one of the most prominent members of the Sapiehas family, although his persistent ambition to stay out of the “margins” of public life and, in particular, his involvement in 1733–1736 whirlwind of interregnum events, indicates that he was an extraordinary person. This is evidenced by his wide circle of correspondents, among whom we find not only close relatives but also a number of state officials and top hierarchs of the Church. Aspirations of the elder of Merkinė to participate in the political life of the state have already been noticed by the researchers, however his daily economic activities have not been researched at all. Analysis of the letters from the 1720–1732 period by the elder of Merkinė Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha to Wojciech Kurzewski, administrator of this domain, reveal a significant part of A. K. Sapieha’s daily life, i.e. the nature of administration of the domain, which required considerable effort, attention and time from the elder of Merkinė. The article deals with the subject matter of letters, economic activities carried out in the eldership of Merkinė, and requirements for the administrator. All of this provides an opportunity not only to reconstruct the relationship between Sapieha and Kurzewski, but also to see the broader issues that each major landowner has faced (or may have faced).

The article is dedicated to discussion about the opportunities artists had in the eighteenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania, what factors were defining artist’s career and his valuation and how it changed along with social and cultural shifts in the country. Historical sources retain names of around 700 artists that worked in the eighteenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The artists belonged to a peculiar inter-estate stratum with significant differences in education, social and economic situation. Majority of artists lived and worked in towns, with smaller part working in the manors of noblemen under continuous service or temporary contracts, and also there was a small number of artist friars who did jobs in various convents of the country. Social and economic situation of artists in towns was similar to that of craftsmen, yet artists working in the manors of aristocrats usually had status of the middle-rank manor officials. Still, eighteenth-century artists were able to achieve higher levels of career than most of craftsmen because of the rank of their patrons. The work of artists was in demand mostly in higher levels of society and that determined better pay, sponsoring of studies and other kind of encouragement. Career opportunities for artists were usually defined by their reputation and education. The top level of the career was occupied by the status of royal court artist, which was a guarantee of high qualification. Noblemen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Church hierarchy, when trying to realize important projects sought to engage the royal masters. Artists that studied abroad were also in demand. Noblemen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because of the deficit of good artists, tried to keep those artists that worked long-term in their manors. Career of a court artist guaranteed steady payment and legal protection, however artists not always desired long-term service because of the significant limitations on their life and work. Difficulties in searching for a decent master encouraged noblemen to keep artists in their manors while teaching arts to local kids. The need in arts for vocation or special gifts is demonstrated by the fact that only a small part of children selected by the noblemen were able to learn painting. Apart from the ties to influential customers, to the career of an artist were important links to requested architects, also familial links to the ruling elites of towns and important officials of the courts. In the second half of the eighteenth century, especially at the end of the century, attitude towards artistic occupation has incurred significant changes. Social status of famous artists, large compensations and ennoblement affected attitudes towards arts among both the society and the artists, and promoted its prestige. Rise of prestige of the profession was aided by the fact that society started appreciating more of the local artists (artists-fellow countrymen). They have begun to be mentioned in various contexts among the most deserving of the nation.

Straipsnyje tiriama Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės vieškelių tinklo struktūra XVI–XVII a. Aptariama istoriografija ir pristatoma, kiek yra ištirta susisiekimo istorija. Analizuotos šaltiniuose užfiksuotos sąvokos, kuriomis įvardijami keliai ir vieškeliai. Nagrinėtas vieškelių tinklo išdėstymas teritorijoje. Nusakyti LDK miestai, labiausiai „apraizgyti“ vieškelių ir geriausiai įjungti į lokalinę bei regioninę susisiekimo sistemą. Remiantis empiriniais duomenimis, nubraižyta XVI–XVII a. LDK vieškelių tinklo kartoschema ir pateiktas šaltiniuose fiksuotų vieškelių sąrašas.

Straipsnyje aptariamas Stanislovo Leščinskio, su Švedijos pagalba 1704 m. išrinkto Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybės – Respublikos valdovu, apsilankymas Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje 1708 metais. Išsamiai nušviečiamas karaliaus vizitas Lietuvos sostinėje Vilniuje. Analizuojamos Stanislovo Leščinskio pastangos sustiprinti savo įtaką Lietuvoje, nesėkmingi bandymai sukurti atsvarą didelį Švedijos karaliaus Karolio XII pasitikėjimą turėjusiems Sapiegoms, remiantis kunigaikščiais Višnioveckiais. Konstatuojama, kad karaliui Stanislovui per jo susitikimus su Karoliu XII nepavyko įtikinti Švedijos karaliaus paremti Leščinskio puoselėtų „Respublikos nuraminimo“ koncepcijų. Remiantis Lietuvos ir Lenkijos valdovo sekretorių korespondencija, parodomas jo aplinkos požiūris į švedus.