Lietuvos istorijos metraštis

The Council of Trent established that all convents had to adhere to strict enclosure. Western historiography notes that this Tridentine decree met with resistance in many countries and was only partially implemented. The article deals with the case of the Bernardine convent in Kaunas, which existed from the end of the sixteenth century until 1864. The Bernadine nuns of Kaunas followed the Rule of the Third Order of St Francis, which was adapted for the Bernardine monasteries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and printed in 1740. It placed great emphasis on enclosure, poverty, and communality and foresaw severe physical punishment for transgressions. In practical life, however, this did not stop the development of distinctive customs in the Bernardine convent of Kaunas. Occasional visitations (1767, 1781) or the nuns’ letters to the bishop showed that the convent was in violation of enclosure and poverty and that there was no fence separating the enclosed part of the nuns’ living quarters from the folwark. The Bernadine nuns of Kaunas had their own understanding of enclosure and poverty: they interacted

Straipsnyje trumpai apžvelgiamos vokiečių masonų karinės ložės, aptariamos jų ištakos, raida bei šios humanistinius principus puoselėjusios brolijos požiūris į karą. Konkrečiau analizuojamos dvi 1916–1918 m. šiandieninės Lietuvos teritorijoje veikusios karinės ložės „Vokiečių sargyba prie Nemuno“ (Deutsche Wacht an der Memel) ir „Vilnius liepsnojančiam kalavijui“ (Wilna zum Flammenden Schwert). Tyrimo tikslas – pateikti šiek tiek daugiau informacijos apie šias labai menkai žinomas masonų ordino šakas bei joms priklausiusius narius.