Marija Gimbutas (Gimbutienė) is a renowned archaeologist who specialised in European prehistory. This paper explores her life and work, including her personal biography, showing how her upbringing in Lithuania shaped her academic interests and orientations. This paper also reviews her professional achievements and contributions via the lenses of seven aspects of her academic life, namely her time in higher education, her work on Lithuanian folklore and symbolism, her explorations of Old Europe during the Neolithic, her Kurgan Hypothesis and engagement with Baltic studies, her excavations in southeast Europe, her work on the Goddess, and her symbolism work. It also examines academic and popular reactions to her writing and her influence on scholars and public discourse.
Journal:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
Volume 2021, Issue 2 (2021): Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2021 metai, pp. 55–81
Abstract
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas istoriografijoje negvildentas XIX a. bajorų istorijos aspektas – stambios dvarininkės Apolinaros Žabaitės-Pliaterienės (Apolinara z Żabów Platerowa, ~1780–1847) savarankiškas tėvoninių dvarų valdymas. Tai vienintelis aptiktas atvejis, kai moteris valdė vyro nuosavybę jam gyvam esant, kas prieštaravo Lietuvos teisei. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas dvarininkės pastangoms apsaugoti nuo konfiskacijos Aluotų, Dusetų ir Padustėlio dvarus, sudariusius Kazimiero Pliaterio (Kazimierz Plater, 1779–1819) ir jo sūnų Vladislovo (1808–1889) bei Cezario (1810–1869) Pliaterių tėvoniją. Aptariamas moteriškos ir vyriškos nuosavybės susidarymas, paliečiamas sutuoktinės pasoginio kapitalo ir brangenybių hipotekos klausimas, dvarų skolų atsikratymas ir teisinės priemonės, leidusios pasiekti moters vienvaldystę tėvonijoje. Pirmą kartą plačiai naudojami Dusetų dvaro archyvo dokumentai, saugomi Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyve.
Augusto III valdymo laikotarpiu Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje vyko atkaklios kovos tarp didikų grupuočių. Didikų giminės dėjo pastangas patraukti į savo pusę bajoriją ir laimėti seimelių rinkimus. Šioje kovoje nė viena iš grupuočių negalėjo užsitikrinti dominuojančios padėties, kadangi, vos pajutusios kylančią vienos didikų giminės jėgą, imdavo telktis mažiau įtakingų giminių koalicijos. Tokia taktika sudarydavo sąlygas ne tik užkirsti kelią vienos giminės dominavimui, bet ir atverdavo galimybes laimėti rinkiminėse kampanijose į Abiejų Tautų Respublikos Seimą ar Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Vyriausiąjį Tribunolą. Straipsnyje, remiantis 1746 ir 1752 metų didikų grupuočių rinkimų į Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Vyriausiąjį Tribunolą planais bei 1752 m. Abiejų Tautų Respublikos Seimo rinkiminės kampanijos dokumentacijos analize, išryškinamos konkrečios politinės grupuotės susiformavimo priežastys, jos tikslai, struktūra, veiklos strategija bei šios strategijos efektyvumas. Prieinama prie išvados, kad Augusto III valdymo laikotarpiu įsitvirtino praktika prieš kiekvienus rinkimus sudaryti konkrečiame seimelyje galimų būti išrinktų kandidatų sąrašus. Tokie sąrašai buvo sudaromi tiek deputatų rinkimams į Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Vyriausiąjį Tribunolą, tiek ir pasiuntinių rinkimams į Abiejų Tautų Respublikos Seimą. Palaipsniui įsitvirtino visuotinė Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės seimelių kontrolės sistema.
Šiame straipsnyje gilinamasi į budizmo ir valstybės santykį Buriatijoje. Buriatija – daugiaetninė ir daugiareliginė Rusijos Federacijos respublika. Buriatijoje istoriškai praktikuojama vadžrajanos budizmo gelug tradicija. Kaip paaiškės šiame straipsnyje, pažvelgus į Buriatijos atvejį galima pamatyti, kad valstybė ir religija ne tik veikia viena kitą, bet jų susisaistymas yra daug tvirtesnis. Galima teigti, kad šios sferos formuoja viena kitą: kartais vienai užgožiant ir naudojant kitą, kartais per abipusiai naudingą sinergiją. Detalus buriatų budizmo istorijos ir dabarties nagrinėjimas prisideda ne tik prie budizmo ir valstybės santykio analizės, bet ir prie šiandieninės Rusijos visuomenės ir politikos supratimo.
The differences in the print of the old books confirm that proof-reading was a common practice when printing Lithuanian books in the 16th century already. The differences can be classified into technical and proofing-related. The former occurred due to typographical actions or materials, the latter were caused by corrective proofing. They allow reconstructing the course of the printing processes and suggest that the presswork would not be ceased after the press proof was taken. While corrector was at work, certain copies of sheets would be printed and the unrevised sheets would later be bound rather than destroyed. They would end up in different copies, resulting in slight differences of print between some of them. Later on, any mistakes that were noticed would be included and printed in a list of errata. There were no lists of errata in the very first Lithuanian books. The oldest 16th century issue with clear evidence of revision was Evangelijos bei Epistolos (1579) by Baltramiejus Vilentas, with corrections made by pasting bits of paper on top of printed words with errors. The first Lithuanian book that had the list of errata was Postilė (1591) by Jonas Bretkūnas, which was printed at the same printing house of Georg Osterberger. Bretkūnas’s Postilė possesses a number of proofing differences in the print that show, with an almost absolute degree of accuracy, whether the printer’s sheet was printed before, or after proofing. A comparison of some of the differences present in the copies (accounting for a fraction of all copies known to exist) allows making a cautious statement that the unrevised sheets had been printed in a smaller number.
Some major differences between copies might have been caused by the printer’s decisions or could have occurred as a result of changing a part of the run to fit the target audience. The last half-sheet signature of the Lithuanian grammar in German (1654) by Daniel Klein was composed twice, allowing a more efficient use of the press and cutting of the printing time by half. The forewords to Klein’s hymnal were removed from some of the copies by the printer (1667). The forewords to the 1701 New Testament were removed to accommodate the target audience. To distribute the remaining run of Konstantinas Sirvydas’s postil (1629), the forewords of the first part were reprinted when publishing the second part of the book in 1664. The proofing differences in the print of the books by Bretkūnas, Sirvydas, Klein, and others were discovered by accident. After the second copy of the first issue of Suma Evangelijų, a postil from Knyga Nobažnystės was identified in Krakow, it was carefully compared to the copy that had been known to exist in Uppsala. Computer algorithms aided to discover four proofing differences, all of them in the headings of chapters. The Krakow copy contained printing errors (mixed-up order of words, mistakes in references to the Bible), which had been corrected in the Uppsala copy; still several headings had errors in both copies. One thing that the proofing revisions have in common is that they have to do with references to the Gospel of John. The postil was prepared by two translators. The distribution of variance of the references in the other parts of Knyga Nobažnystės and the proofing revisions thereof suggest that the translator of the middle part of the postil made the corrections of the part he had translated or that it was revised by the printing house’s proof-reader based on the translator’s manuscript.
This article examines the alleged plan of Lithuanian Grand Hetman Ludwik Pociej (1664–1730) to remove the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Augustus II (1697–1733) from the throne and the appearance of the only evidence of this plan – instructions, stored in the Saxon State Archives. Until now historiographers believed that L. Pociej sent voivode of Trakai K. Ogiński to the Russian Tsar Peter I (1682–1725) with a proposal for dethronement, claiming that the King of Poland was secretly negotiating with anti-Russian forces and planning to carry out a coup of absolutism in the Republic. Peter I allegedly agreed to support the Lithuanian aspiration by promising 15 thousand Russian soldiers. However, the instruction is most likely a forgery. Such a conclusion can be drawn from the fact that the timing of the K. Ogiński's trip and the timing of the emergence of the instruction do not coincide. K. Ogiński was sent to St. Petersburg by L. Pociej, or travelled on his own initiative, in December of 1713, yet this alleged instruction the Saxon diplomats showed to the Russian diplomat only in the August of 1714, i.e. nine months later. Novoselsky, mentioned in this instruction, did not actually go to Russia with K. Ogiński, later solving some other problems, the purpose of his mission was actually to meet not with Peter I, but with Alexander Menshikov. Peter I could hardly satisfy the Lithuanian request for help because the dethronement of Augustus II in no way benefited him. A much more realistic scenario is that L. Pociej, through the mediation of K. Ogiński, appealed to the tsar to reserve the office of the Great Lithuanian Hetman for him and asked the tsar whether he supported the deployment of the Saxon army in the Republic. Perhaps a complaint could have been made that Augustus II was preparing for a coup of absolute monarchy. Who could have falsified this document? Most likely option is that the document could have been forged by L. Pociej's political opponents, of whom there were two at the time: Lithuanian Field Hetman, marshal of the Sandomierz Confederation Stanisław Denhoff and elder of Babruysk Jan Kazimierz Sapieha. It cannot be ruled out that the forgery may have been initiated by Augustus II himself.
Šis straipsnis priskirtinas technologijų ir infrastruktūrų antropologinių tyrimų laukui. Dėmesio centre – metodologiniai iššūkiai, su kuriais susiduria antropologai tyrinėdami didelio masto technologinius projektus. Gvildendama duomenų centrų pramonės Šiaurės Švedijoje poveikį socialinei ir gamtinei aplinkai, autorė atskleidžia globalios debesijos įvietinimą ir lokalių / globalių santykių dialektiką, iškylančią įgyvendinant šią naują pramonę. Tyrime denatūralizuojami masteliai ir parodoma, kaip kasdienėse praktikose, dalyvaujant skirtingiems veikėjams, vyksta jų konstravimas ir keitimas. Šis straipsnis, kuriame analizuojamas mastelio konstravimas kaip politinė ir vyriausybinė praktika, prisideda prie infrastruktūros tyrimų ir padeda geriau suprasti tarpvalstybinius technologinius procesus.
Journal:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
Volume 2021, Issue 2 (2021): Lietuvos istorijos metraštis 2021 metai, pp. 29–53
Abstract
Straipsnyje tyrinėjamas Užnemunės sociokultūrinis laukas XIX a. pradžioje. Keliamas klausimas apie bajorijos (žiemionių) požiūrį į valstiečių laisvinimą. Pagrindžiama reprezentatyvi tyrimo imtis – Marijampolės seimelio dalyviai; joje išskiriami lyderiai – Pavieto taryba ir subprefektas. Nagrinėjami šių lyderių tekstai – oficialūs 1814 m. laiškai Vidaus reikalų ministerijai, vadinamoji „Valstiečių anketa“; ji gretinama su analogiškais Varšuvos kunigaikštystės lenkiškų pavietų tekstais. Rinktinių Marijampolės bajorų terminijoje ir retorikoje įžvelgiama luominio mentaliteto erozija; numanomos sąsajos su politiniu ir intelektiniu šalies avangardu, konstatuojama empatija valstiečių problemų atžvilgiu. Įžvelgiama valstybinio lygio atsakomybė, Pavieto tarybai teigiant, kad reformoms būtina stabilios valdžios palaikoma bendroji ekonomikos gaivinimo ir intensyvinimo sistema. Suvalkijos bajorų tekstai teikia netiesioginės informacijos apie valstiečių sociumo emancipacijos lygmenį: pripažįstama valstiečių teisinė, ekonominė, moralinė autonomija, reiškiama pagarba valstiečio „asmens interesui“. Svarbi ekonominės Užnemunės ūkininkų emancipacijos ištaka – Prūsų aneksijos periodu išaugusi grynųjų pinigų cirkuliacija
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the dukes Wiśniowiecki rose to the ranks of the most influential nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Their interests, political actions, as well as disagreements or frictions within the family, had a significant impact on the course of political life in Lithuanian and Polish state at the time. The state was going through a period of shocks. Lithuania was overwhelmed by the civil war – a majority of the nobility revolted against the hegemony of the magnates Sapiehas, led by other aristocratic families dissatisfied with the Sapieha family. In 1700, the Wiśniowiecki rose to the leaders of this anti-Sapieha camp. In addition, the state became involved in the Great Northern War (1700–1721). The article discusses his motives, as well as of his brother Michał Serwacy and their mother Anna Dolska, for political actions in which they participated in 1700–1707, as presented in the memoirs of Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki. It is based on both published memoirs of Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki, covering 1700–1710, as well as an unpublished fragment covering the period of 1707–1708. It is revealed how Janusz Antoni explained political decisions of his close relatives and his own. The motives of those political actions in which the views of the members of the Wiśniowiecki family intersected or did not completely coincide are analysed. The motives of the actions of the dukes Wiśniowiecki and their mother during the decisive years of the Lithuanian Civil War (1700), presented in the memoirs of Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki, are discussed. Another set of political actions, the interpretation of the motives of which is analysed in the article, consists of the actions of the Wiśniowiecki and their mother that led into a closer relationship with the Swedes and their protégé on the throne of the Polish and Lithuanian state Stanisław Leszczyński, and which eventually ended in the overt crossing of the Wiśniowiecki into the camp of supporters of Leszczyński and the Swedes in 1707. Memoires reveal the obvious friction between the mother and her sons. The property dispute between the sons, especially Michał Serwacy and his wife, Kotryna Dolska, on the one hand, and the dukes’ mother, Anna Dolska, on the other, had to affect the relationships between the members of the Wiśniowiecki family when they were taking political initiatives. Although the mother was more in conflict with the younger son over property matters, there were frictions in political activities with both sons. The positions of the sons and the mother during the Lithuanian Civil War were especially inconsistent, when Anna Dolska suppressed and hindered her sons' initiatives against the Sapiehas. Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki tended to explain his mother's actions both during and after the civil war in Lithuania, i.e. when Anna Dolska tried to persuade Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine Ivan Mazepa to support Stanisław Leszczyński and the Swedes, by her personal motives – a desire to marry Kazimierz Jan Sapieha, and later her intention (or just a proposition) to marry Mazepa. Such an interpretation may indicate a tendency towards a simplified interpretation of the mother’s motives. However, it is not appropriate to completely ignore the son's approach to the motives of his mother's actions. The recollections reveal the close co-operation of the two brothers Wiśniowiecki in the political sphere and the efforts of Janusz Antoni to fully justify his younger brother for the accusations of crossing into the Swedish camp, explaining such decision by his selfless desire to save the Homeland and to protect himself and his relatives from the upcoming threats.