XVIII amžiaus studijos / The Eighteenth Century Studies

Artykuł jest poświęcony poetyckiemu utworowi pochwalnemu wydanemu z okazji zaślubin wojewodzianki wileńskiej księżnej Karoliny Katarzyny Radziwiłłówny (1740–1778) ze starostą chełmskim Stanisławem Rzewuskim (1737–1786). Utwór zatytułowany „Rozprawa Litwy z Polską...” napisany „imieniem Collegium Nieświeskiego” został wydany w 1758 roku w drukarni akademickiej w Wilnie. Dotychczas nie doczekał się szczegółowej analizy w literaturze przedmiotu. Druk został opatrzony ryciną przedstawiającą dwupolowy herb, symbolizujący połączenie dwóch rodów – Radziwiłłów i Rzewuskich. Fabuła utworu jest wzorowana na Iliadzie Homera i została zbudowana w postaci konfliktu Litwy z Polską o księżnę Karolinę Katarzynę, którą Rzewuski zabiera Litwie, podobnie jak Parys porwał Helenę. Artykuł przedstawia analizę utworu zasługującego na uwagę ze względu na fabułę zbudowaną w postaci konfliktu Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego z Koroną, przytoczenie postaci mitologii rzymskiej i greckiej, występujące opisy. Nieświeża oraz posiadłości Rzewuskich, liczne nazwy geograficzne: Wawel, Kraków, Wiedeń, Dniestr, Wilia i inne. Ślub Radziwiłłówny z Rzewuskim został zaprezentowany jako związek równych sobie sławą i honorem osób, jako unia dwóch narodów, która ma wzmocnić potęgę militarną państwa.

The article is focused on the image of St Anne in Lithuanian art of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century. It briefly presents the prevailing iconographic types that have not yet been widely discussed and highlights the continuity of the established iconography. Through the social model of the family “encoded” in the images of the saint, the aim is to reveal whether the visual images of St Anne relate and interact with the spiritual and moral attitudes of the Enlightenment and emphasis on education during this epoch. With the help of iconographic, partly iconological, and source studies methods, the socio-cultural level of the past is addressed, questions are raised about the power of St Anne’s images, which could have been resorted to for the understanding and change of reality. Compared with Western Europe, the images of “The education of the Virgin” appeared in Lithuania quite late: they emerged in the second half of the seventeenth century and gradually gained popularity in the second half of the eighteenth century. Two variants of the composition of “The education of the Virgin” evolved conveying the image of the Embodiment of Christ and of St Anne, who brought her daughter up perfectly. They continued into the nineteenth century, when in their abundance they surpassed other iconographic types of St Anne. In Lithuania, the most influential and most replicated “The education of the Virgin” image of the period discussed is the engraving of Joseph Wagner made according the drawing of Jacopo Amigoni in 1725–1766. Like in the paintings of “The St Anne Trinity”, several late-eighteenth-century paintings of “The education of the Virgin” place emphasis on St Anne’s piety, which is also confirmed in hagiographic literature.

The article addresses the theme of peasants in the work of Pranciškus Smuglevičius (Franciszek Smuglewicz, 1745–1807) and discusses the most significant works on this theme extant in the collections of Lithuania and Poland. Special attention is devoted to the compositions depicting two Cracowians in a tavern. It is noted that a group of paintings of a similar composition exists and most of them are attributed to P. Smuglevičius. In this article, an attempt is made to figure out which works were painted by P. Smuglevičius himself, which paintings should be attributed to copies, and how the abundance of versions of this small modest composition can be explained. A discussion of the examples of the image of Cracowian peasants in other fields of eighteenth-century culture revealed that, unlike P. Smuglevičius’s numerous earlier works on the peasant theme, Cracowians in a Tavern is not just a manifestation of his interest in the life and daily round of the third estate. This composition can be read as an allegoric painting that hides a generalised picture of the peasantry as an inseparable part of the nation under a “mask” of an everyday scene and a study of folk types.

The article is based on twenty-two letters written by Teresa Rachela Sapieżyna to her husband Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha, an elder of Merkinė, between April and October 1727. The article provides the context in which this correspondence arose as the letters reflect a period during which the A. K. Sapieha couple spent most of the time apart. Therefore, the letters were not only a means of maintaining an emotional relationship, but also a means of sharing updates on the work accomplished. The content of the letters shows that T. R. Sapieżyna was familiar with her spouse’s concerns: she was well acquainted with his milieu and maintained contacts with his creditors, legal advisors, and other persons close to him. Therefore, she could not only assess various situations but also advise her husband; in exceptional cases, she would act on her own, resorting to the assistance both of the relatives and the wives of A. K. Sapieha’s clients or creditors, thus forming her own circle of influence.

The article highlights the story of one provincial feudal family ( Jacob and Marianna Nagórsky) from the second half of the eighteenth century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and attempts to trace its emotional climate. There is a quite large base of sources about it, such as personal letters, wills, economic letters, etc. Unfortunately, Jacob Nagórsky’s letters to his wife are missing, which makes it difficult to trace his emotional relationship with his spouse. The study is influenced by the English historian Lawrence Stone who wrote about the “rise of the nuclear family” in the eighteenth century, which gradually pushed out the “open lineage family”. The historian perceived this concept of the nuclear family as a social and psychological unit based on the emotional connection and closed kinship ties. e surviving correspondence of Jacob Nagórsky and other sources show his rather cold and unemotional attitude towards his wife, but he was constantly concerned about the well-being of his family. Meanwhile, Marianna’s surviving letters reflect more expressions of love. Children were the main binding tie of the family.

The article presents an analysis of the inventories of property that belonged to the women residing in Vilnius from 1658 to 1798: the reasons for their compilation, their patterns, the prevailing categories of property, and the issue of the reliability of these inventories. It also dwells upon on the participation of urban women in the economic life of the city: their engagement in small trade, possession of shops and craft workshops, and their involvement in the realisation of the manufactured commodities. Research found that inventories were most often compiled upon the death of the property owner (69%). However, there are inventories that were drawn up before death in order to avoid future disagreements among the heirs or to resolve an ongoing conflict. Two inventories were compiled due to illness or malaise, and one due to an unexpected departure from the city of Vilnius. The study shows that women residing in Vilnius used to take care not only of their homes, households, and children. They were quite active in the economic life of the city. Sixteen (33.3%) of the inventories mention grocery, cloth, iron, haberdashery, and salt shops in their possession, while five contain information about the craft workshops they owned (bookbinding, goldsmithery, and tanning). Six inventories mention equipment for beer and vodka production, such as breweries, vats, and other vessels for brewing beer and distilling vodka, and describe the different types of beverages: beer, mead, vodka, and wine. Three women residing in Vilnius kept taverns where they sold the beverages they produced.

Po utworzeniu Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w 1773 roku nauczyciele zakonni, w tym jezuici, przechodzili pod zwierzchność świeckiej władzy oświatowej. W miarę upływu czasu stopniowo zastępowani byli przez nauczycieli świeckich, wykształconych w szkołach głównych, Koronnej w Krakowie oraz Litewskiej w Wilnie. Przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym artykule jest praca pochodzących z Litwy nauczycieli szkół średnich na terenie Wydziałów Wołyńskiego i Ukraińskiego. Byli to bracia: eksjezuita Marcin Ancypa i nauczyciel świecki, Feliks Ancypa. W artykule ukazano przede wszystkim postrzeganie obu braci w środowisku zawodowym, a także ocenę ich pracy zarówno przez współpracowników, jak i przez zwierzchników. Praca obydwu braci wywoływała cały szereg konfliktów i napięć w szkołach. Brak akceptacji dla nauczycieli świeckich ze strony ks. Marcina Ancypy powodował zatargi, dla których załagodzenia stosowano kolejne przeniesienia go do innych szkół. Fakt zaś pozostawania w związku małżeńskim jego brata Feliksa Ancypy był powodem, dla którego władze sugerowały jego odejście ze stanu akademickiego.

The article discusses the system of children’s education presented in Proiekt nieuskuteczniony prozą i wierszem (1788; The Unfulfilled Project in Prose and Verse) by Wincenty Ignacy Marewicz (1755–1822). The article examines how the writer, who came from the petty nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, adapted the new ideas of pedagogy that were spreading in Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century. An attempt is made to discern what was typical in W. I. Marewicz’s work and what individual nuances were given to it by a particular personality. In the work discussed, the author’s pedagogical views are presented in the chapter “Systema Edukacyi dla Płci oboiey” (A System of Education for Both Sexes). The writer sets out his system like a narrative to his future wife about

Artykuł przedstawia analizę życia codziennego trzech żon senatorów „nowej kreacji” w czasach stanisławowskich: Petroneli Jeleńskiej z Kościałkowskich kasztelanowej nowogródzkiej, Marianny Chmarowej z Woynów-Orańskich wojewodziny mińskiej i Izabeli Świeykowskiej z Dunin-Karwickich wojewodziny podolskiej. Na podstawie nowych źródeł archiwalnych pokazano, że życie żon nowych senatorów, pierwszych w rodzie, było tak samo trudne, jak ich mężów, a w pewnych okolicznościach nawet smutniejsze, jakby pozbawione bezpośredniej radości z udanych politycznych i ekonomicznych przedsięwzięć ich mężów. Zaangażowanie świadome w życie męża i uznanie jego celów za swoje – to chyba najważniejsze cechy żon senatorów, pierwszych w swych rodzinach, w czasach stanisławowskich.

The article deals with the patronage of art by the Radvila women of the Nesvizh-Olyka branch of the family. It is seen as a complex organisational process that involved not only clients but also intermediaries. The aim is to reveal the typical roles of female patrons, identify the areas of art they supported the most, and assess the individual contribution of women. Research into the women’s activities during the Wettin period helps to reveal an important and still underestimated aspect of the social history of art in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the importance of family ties and cooperation in art commissions. The women often acted as intermediaries for their spouses and mother, Ona Sanguškaitė-Radvilienė. Compared to Western European countries, in the eighteenth century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a poorly developed network of art agents and specialised art dealers. Therefore family ties and women’s mediation were crucial both in the hiring of artists and in the control of their work.