XVIII amžiaus studijos / The Eighteenth Century Studies

Lietuvos ir kaimyninių šalių istoriografijoje Stačiatikių bažnyčios struktūros paskiruose Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės regionuose kaip pagrindinis tyrimų objektas pasirenkamos labai retai. Šiame straipsnyje aptarsime vieno regiono – Smolensko žemės – bažnytinius pareigūnus (vyskupus, vienuolynų archimandritus ir igumenus, cerkvių dvasininkus – šventikus ir diakonus) 1395–1514 m., kai šis regionas priklausė Lietuvos Didžiajai Kunigaikštystei. Dėmesys bus telkiamas į tris aspektus: Stačiatikių bažnyčios pareigūnų atsiradimo Smolensko žemėje laiką,

The exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, who moved from Moscow territories occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late seventeenth century and established in currently ethnic part of Lithuania, in the eighteenth century were faced with the issues of socio-economic integration, relocation of institutions of self-government and preservation of their functionality. Although the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations through the Constitutions put considerable efforts to legitimize the disposition of property intended for the exiles, and ultimately recognize it as private property, this had to be done quite periodically (1699, 1703, 1717, 1775, and 1786). Similarly, the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations was forced to constantly remind about the need to ensure the activities of the institutions of self government of the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship, and to legitimize the changed locations of their activities (1667, 1736,

Recent decades saw historical scholarship to pay more attention to the phenomena which were earlier considered unimportant or, in some cases, non-existent. Intimate relations between men and women who were not yet married, extramarital affairs, cohabitation, etc. were rediscovered and reassessed as indispensable to the more accurate understanding of the formation of marriages, families and

Straipsnyje aptariama, koks buvo jėzuitų požiūris į Sapiegų giminės hegemoniją Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje, kokia buvo ir kaip kito jėzuitų nuostata bei veiksmų taktika XVII a. paskutiniame dešimtmetyje – XVIII a. pirmajame dešimtmetyje, kai Lietuvą sukrėtė vidaus konfliktai, amžių sandūroje peraugę į vidaus karą. Remdamasis jėzuitiškais archyvais, autorius analizuoja: 1) Vilniaus vyskupo Konstantino Kazimiero Bžostovskio ir Vilniaus akademijos ginčą 1691–1693 m., kurio šerdis buvo nesutarimai dėl vyskupo, kaip Akademijos kanclerio, prerogatyvų ir jo valdžios studentams; 2) sunkią vienuolių padėtį ginčijantis Vilniaus vyskupui ir Lietuvos didžiajam etmonui bei Vilniaus vaivadai Kazimierui Jonui Sapiegai; 3) jėzuitų požiūrį į antisapieginę opoziciją bei jėzuitų veiksmus, kai grupuočių konfliktas Lietuvoje peraugo į vidaus karą, netrukus susiliejusį su Didžiuoju Šiaurės karu. Autorius pabrėžia jėzuitų priklausomybę nuo Sapiegų, kurie ne tik finansiškai rėmė ordino institucijas, bet ir turėjo galingą spaudimo įrankį – galimybę manipuliuoti skirstant kariuomenei pastovius ir žiemojimo vietas dvaruose bei renkant hibernos mokestį. Straipsnyje pastebima, kad jėzuitai prisidėjo prie Lietuvos didžiojo etmono ir jo giminės prestižo ir šlovės kūrimo, todėl Sapiegoms nepalanki bajorija įtarinėjo jėzuitus simpatizavimu Sapiegoms. Tai lėmė blogus jėzuitų santykius su antisapiegine opozicija, vadinamaisiais respublikonais. Tik tada, kai 1700 m. lapkričio 18 d. Sapiegų pajėgos buvo sumuštos Valkininkų mūšyje, jėzuitai buvo priversti ieškoti naujų globėjų, stengėsi užmegzti ryšius su pagrindiniais respublikonų vadais.

The article summarizes data on the training of painters and sculptors in the eighteenth-century workshops of the Radvilas’ artists. We seek to evaluate it in the context of the educational phenomena of early modern times. The analysis concerns organization of training, teaching practices, and their dissemination. In the eighteenth century, training of the subjects was carried out in the Radvilas’ residences of several generations. Some teachers were subjects of the dukes, some – arrivals working under contracts. The Radvilas continuously renewed the manor using qualified masters. Some of them were foreigners, experienced artists that mastered different art techniques. Training usually took place in the manor although there are known cases of sponsored trips of the artists to larger cities of the Commonwealth of Both Nations, where subjects improved their skills in the workshops of local artists. In the Radvilas’ residences practical training was dominant. Basics of drawing were studied first, pupils drew sculptural models, copied paintings from the collections of the aristocrats, assisted to masters in implementing orders from the dukes. Thus training in the Radvilas’ residences was performed using practices common in training artists of the early modern times. In the context of training of the Radvilas’ artists stands out the project by Jeronimas Florijonas Radvila to establish a drawing school, which had to be directed by a member of the Viennese academy of painting, sculpture and architecture, painter and drawer Lorenzo Titian de Vecceli. Perhaps in 1756, an eight- year contract was concluded according to which he was to teach young men the drawing of landscapes, figures and ornaments. In the contract this drawing school was called academy, probably after a fashion of the similar eighteenthcentury European, often small ones, schools, called academies. In Biala of Podlasie, Lorenzo Titian worked until the death of Florijonas Radvila in 1760. Although almost there is no data on activities of this artist in Biala, it is probable that the master was teaching to draw. Titian’s work for Radvila was brief and, possibly, did not have any significant influence on the education of the local artists. Despite this, Radvila’s idea and start of its implementation showed the need for higher level training of artists. Links of the Radvilas’ artists with professional and specialized educational institutions were rare. In the residences of the dukes, just like in the rest of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, dominated little formalized education of artists. Although it was not always effective, it has produced a number of masters that continued working for the Radvilas. Tutors were usually shared among family members, although there is data on the work of the artists of the dukes for the representatives of other families. Having in mind the scope and dissemination of the training of artists, residences of the Radvilas can be considered one of the important centres of art education in the eighteenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania.