Lietuvos istorijos institutas

In the eighteenth century an individual would realize oneself by being a part of a wider group of people. A successful career in the state service would be impossible by just having some connections. A great example of this theory is Juozapatas Mykolas Karpis (1679–1739), who in the beginning of the career was able to enter the circle of the Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Karolis Stanislovas Radvila (1669–1719). Seemingly, K. S. Radvila and his circle had a big influence on the further career of J. M. Karpis. This assumption is based on a source found in the Sėla Museum of Biržai. This source is comprised of the letters from various people written to J. M. Karpis in 1720–1722, when he worked in the episcopate of Vilnius. Some letters are from the years prior to that. It is a new source for historiography, and the letters enrich the research on J. M. Karpis with new information. They reveal his work and, most importantly, the environment in which he acted. Many of the names were not mentioned in the research on J. M. Karpis earlier. So, the main aim is to identify the connections forged in the circle of the Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and their influence to J. M. Karpis’ career. Next in this research, after a short presentation of the direct influence of K. S. Radvila to J. M. Karpis’ career, the environment is explored in which J. M. Karpis was most active and a few important figures that helped him to reach higher positions are identified. It is important to mention that in this article we analyse two separate periods of J. M. Karpis’ life to show the lasting links between those two episodes. Hereby, the method of prosopography comes handy. It helps to find connections between J. M. Karpis, his patron K. S. Radvila and the people mentioned in the letters. This kind of analysis allows for the separation of the most important individuals in his circle and tracking the impact of K. S. Radvila to J. M. Karpis’ career.

Simonas Daukantas spent 15 years (between 1834 and 1850) living in St Petersburg, where he worked as an assistant registrar at the Senate. This article highlights the exact addresses of where Daukantas lived and published books in St Petersburg. The address of the place where Daukantas lived in 1837 is published for the first time; the drawing of the building has been obtained, the landlord identified. Apparently, in 1837 Daukantas lived in the building owned by Marya Nelsen, the wife of chief (regiment) doctor Gavrila Nelsen, at the intersection of Kazanskaya street and Voznesensky prospect (or Voznesensky avenue; the exact address: Voznesensky Ave 15 17/Kazanskaya St 45). The article features the drawing of this building and contains information about its condition, which shows that in late 1830s and in 1840s the building was in an appalling state of repair. Marya Nelsen died in 1840, and the building was assigned to a care agency. Some of the tenants continued to live at the building for some time, only to move out later; apparently, Daukantas was among those who vacated this residence. More details are provided about Daukantas’s place of residence in 1842 (address: Malaya Masterskaya 9, the building near the Church of St Stanislaus), providing the drawing of the building and publishing pictures of how it looks today, revealing the characteristics of the building’s architecture, including those from the time when Daukantas lived there. The building next to St Stanislaus Church at Malaya Masterskaya 9 was built in 1841–1842. In one letter of 1842 Daukantas claimed his residency at this address, so we suggest that he might have moved in right after the completion of construction. The addresses of three printing houses where Daukantas published his books have been identified. On top of that, details of what the buildings looked like during Daukantas’s time there have been obtained. Christian Hintze’s printing house was located at Durygina’s house at Nevsky prospect 8. The building has survived to this date virtually intact. Ivanov’s lithograph based on Sadovnikov’s picture represents the view of the building in 1830s, the approximate time of Daukantas’s book publications at Hintze’s printing house. Later, the enterprise was acquired by Merkushev. The printing house of Karl Kray was located in the corner of Frost’s building at Malaya Morskaya 12/Gorokhovaya 9. Analysis of the archive drawings of the buildings has provided some insights into what the building’s appearance was during Daukantas’s time in St Petersburg. Before 1850, Gretsch’s house (current address: Moika 92; the building was demolished in early 1960s) was home to Eduard Pratz’s printing house. The blueprints of the building that were found in the archives shed a light on what the building looked like in 1840s and 1850s, when Daukantas would publish his books there. Gretsch’s own publishing house was in the same building. The archives contain blueprints of Gretsch’s house on Moika riverfront, showing the appearance of the building at the time of Daukantas’s printing his books there: the façade off Moika, the courtyard, and the plan of the building. Giedrius Subačius has noted that 1841–1845 were the years when Daukantas was the most consistent in his orthography. Βetter living conditions in the new building constructed in 1842 most probably had allowed Daukantas to improve the quality and efficiency of his work. It is also worth noting that the publishing houses were close to the places where Daukantas lived and worked. All these buildings are located in the Admiralteisky district of St Petersburg.

The exiles of Smolensk Voivodeship, who moved from Moscow territories occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late seventeenth century and established in currently ethnic part of Lithuania, in the eighteenth century were faced with the issues of socio-economic integration, relocation of institutions of self-government and preservation of their functionality. Although the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations through the Constitutions put considerable efforts to legitimize the disposition of property intended for the exiles, and ultimately recognize it as private property, this had to be done quite periodically (1699, 1703, 1717, 1775, and 1786). Similarly, the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Both Nations was forced to constantly remind about the need to ensure the activities of the institutions of self government of the exiles in Smolensk Voivodeship, and to legitimize the changed locations of their activities (1667, 1736,

1803–1832 m. laikotarpiu veikusi Vilniaus švietimo apygarda apėmė 8 gubernijas: Vilniaus, Gardino, Minsko, Vitebsko, Mogiliavo, Podolės, Voluinės ir Kijevo, t. y. beveik visą buvusios Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teritoriją ir dalį Lenkijos Karalystei priklausiusių pietrytinių vaivadijų. Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriuje saugomi Vilniaus švietimo apygardos dokumentai yra viena iš svarbiausių šaltinių bazių šios institucijos moksliniams tyrimams atlikti. Tai Rankraščių skyriaus fondo Nr. 2 dokumentai, apimantys vadinamąjį kunigaikščių Čartoriskių depozitą (Senasis Vilniaus universitetas. Vilniaus švietimo apygardos globėjo kanceliarija, F2 DC) bei Adomo Čartoriskio kuratoriumo šaltinius (F2 KC). Švietimo institucijų veiklą Vilniaus švietimo apygardos teritorijose liudijančios dokumentų visumos analizė atveria unikalias galimybes nustatyti Tautinės edukacinės komisijos mokyklose savo veiklą pradėjusių mokytojų, kurie ir po 1803 m. liko dirbti švietimo srityje, karjeras. Mokytojų profesinės grupės veiklai tirti svarbiausios yra trys dokumentų grupės. Daugiausia biografinių duomenų teikia vadinamieji „tarnybiniai lapai“, atspindintys mokytojų darbo vietas ir užimamas pareigas. Kiek mažiau informatyvūs yra Vilniaus švietimo apygardos mokyklų vizitacijų protokolai. Trečią šaltinių grupę sudaro kunigaikščių Čartoriskių depozite saugomi vadinamieji „Polinskio dokumentai“ (Teka Polińskiego), kuriuose taip pat galima rasti informacijos apie pedagogus ir jų veiklą. Visi šie šaltiniai papildo duomenis apie Vilniaus švietimo apygardos mokytojus nauja biografinio pobūdžio informacija, tokia kaip gimimo ir mirties datos, išsilavinimas, kilmė, šeiminė padėtis, darbo vieta, pedagoginės karjeros trukmė ir pan. Mokytojų kaip profesinės grupės tyrimams taip pat unikalios reikšmės turi dokumentai, teikiantys informacijos apie mokytojų išsilavinimą, jų darbo stažą, darbinius santykius bei konkretaus mokytojo veiklos įvertinimą, kurį pateikdavo mokyklos vadovybė. Faktas, kad didžioji dalis įvairiose vietovėse XVIII a. paskutiniaisiais metais dirbusių mokytojų po Abiejų Tautų Respublikos sunaikinimo išsaugojo savo ankstesniąsias darbo vietas, leidžia daryti prielaidą apie šių pedagogų kvalifikaciją ir kompetenciją. Šaltiniai taip pat leidžia giliau pažinti, kokį vaidmenį mokytojų bendrija atliko Rusijos okupuotose Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teritorijose pirmaisiais nelaisvės metais, ugdydama mokinius bei rodydama pavyzdį jaunesniesiems kolegoms.

The article addresses citations from vol. I, III , IV , VI of Johannes Voigt’s (1786–1863) Geschichte Preußens von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Untergange der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens (Königsberg, 9 vols., 1827–1839) in BUDĄ Senowęs–Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ir Ƶámajtiû (1845) by Simonas Daukantas. The goal of the article is to use the inventory of the references made by Daukantas to identify the places in the original GP text, revise the references, discuss the nature of the citations, and the impact of the tract as such. The article also touches upon the history of Daukantas citing Voigt’s GP in his prior work, ISTORYJE ƵEMAYTYSZKA (1834). The article analyses 20 references to Voigt’s text. Daukantas identified the page number wrong in seven references out of the twenty; four of the references were one page number off; one did not specify the volume. Nonetheless, all of these references were successfully revised and corrected. Analysis of the nature of reliance on GP has suggested that Daukantas treated this tract as a font of new resources. Daukantas used GP to recite handwritten work by medieval chroniclers or Königsberg scholars, university graduates or residents of the region that he was having difficulty accessing himself. The prevalence of work by Königsberg scholars shows that Daukantas valued this historiographical tradition first and foremost. In his reliance on GP references, Daukantas would obtain and quote some of the sources from the original texts. Comparing the indirect citations by Daukantas and the original text, one could say that it was only once (Bd 214) that he did not add information from elsewhere in the GP text or other sources to the text. Even though Daukantas did not have any open discussions with his predecessor, the ample revisions and the content of the supplementary material point to his critical stance. Relying on the narrative historic tradition (‘noumone patioie tautoie tebesąntĩ patwĩrten’ Bd 214), the Lithuanian language and folklore (‘kou dar pates patarles kałbo tebesąntes twĩrtĩn’ Bd, Pratarme 9) as sources of Lithuanian history with the highest degree of authority, he revised the text written by Voigt from a German position. However, the expression of Germanism in GP helped Daukantas create images of Lithuanianism. The GP text and the ample explanations given in footnotes sparked Daukantas’s creativity. GP was an example of composition of material to Daukantas. Drawing inspiration from GP, Daukantas discussed the history of the formation of the region, the characteristics of the landscape, delineated the borders of Lithuania, talked about the daily living and about the holidays, gave a lot of attention to the dynamics and sanctuaries of the ancient Lithuanian religion, the history of regional institutions, commerce as the key element of the viability of the state. The importance of the substrate of the ancient Prussians and crusaders in building the new German nation that Voigt had highlighted helped Daukantas understand how the development of the Lithuanian identity could not bypass the culture of Prussian Lithuanians, or rather that of the Balts in general. Daukantas assimilated many concepts that, despite being Herder-esque, had been assimilated by Voigt and made relevant in the historic tract, such as: the history of the nation (‘tautos wejkałus’ Bd 127), the culture of the nation (‘akyłómą sawo tautoie’ Bd 236), the manner of the nation (‘pagał budo sawo tautós’ Bd 190), the freedom of the nation (‘tautû lousybę’ Bd, Pratarme 9). GP’s expression helped Daukantas create multiple romantic images that later made their way into the golden fund of Lithuanian literature.

Tautinės edukacinės komisijos sprendimu į Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės vyriausiąją mokyklą 1781 m. reorganizuoto Vilniaus universiteto veiklos laikotarpiu profesorių bendrija buvo labai įvairialypė ir iš esmės skyrėsi nuo tos, kuri buvo jėzuitiškojo universiteto metais. Didžioji dalis pedagogų ir toliau išliko dvasininkai. Iš jų daugiausia buvo eksjėzuitų, tačiau taip pat dirbo vienuolių pijorų bei misionierių. Daug mažesnę dalį profesorių sudarė pasauliečiai, tarp kurių dominavo iš užsienio atvykę mokslininkai. Straipsnyje analizuojami Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės vyriausiosios mokyklos profesorių bendrijos, kaip atskiros socialinės grupės, bruožai, išryškinant profesorių didaktinį darbą universitete, mokslinę ir organizacinę veiklą. Profesorių bendrijos bruožams išskirti pasitelkiamas istoriografijos įdirbis bei įvairūs Vyriausiosios mokyklos veiklos šaltiniai, tarp kurių vienas informatyviausių yra gamtos istorijos profesoriaus